Output PHASE OF BIO-METRICS

 Testing of processed data and give the access rights to the person. Here,
When any person scanned his/her finger print , computer will
store a Bio-logical featured pattern and compares it against the stored master-
key in its memory. And if it is matched, then permission granted else not.

Process PHASE OF BIO-METRICS

 Processes the input data. Here, computer takes the measurement of inputed Biological features.

 No two persons have same finger print. So, computer joins the points of that finger print features and make the pattern of it and it will store that pattern into its memory. Then computer compares this pattern against the master keys.

• e.g.: - Putting the tracing paper on Indian map, if we join Banglor, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Nagpur, Ahmedabad, Jaipur and Lukhnow drawing a line then by chance the original map is lost. Now if we want to know the distance between Ahmedabad and Bhavnagar for that we require the original one, which is drawn with the same measurement. But In this case, actual map is lost so we are helpless. Similarly, the finger print used by the computer to make its pattern is deliberately hidden. Thus, the security system does not allow any unauthorized person.

GENERIC MODEL OF BIO-METRICS

Data Acquisition:-
Data collection involves use of sensors to detect & measure an individual’s physiological or behavioral characteristics. The biometric feature must have the following characteristics:-
(a) Universality, which means that every person should have the characteristic,
(b) Uniqueness, two persons should not have the same term or measurement of characteristic,
(c) Permanence, the characteristic should be invariant with time,
(d) Measurability, the characteristic can be quantified that is the origin of the
Cameras used in biometric systems are generally either CCD(charge couple device) or CMOS(combined metal oxide semiconductor) image sensors.CCD’s are comparatively more costlier than CMOS. The cost of CCD is nearly 2500 Rs. And CMOS is about 800 to 1000 Rs. Price depends on the resolution which reflects the accuracy of biometric system.


Transmission: -
Not all the biometric systems process and store data on the measuring device. Often measurement is made using relatively simple device to a computer or server for processing and/or storage. Depending on the system, the data may be relatively large and thus would need to be compressed for quick transfer. The compression algorithm needs to be selected carefully; otherwise it may introduce some artefacts that could impact the decision process.
In any image scanning Biometric system, JPEG compression is preferred due to the blockness it produces at high compression ratios. The data can also be transmitted to the database for storage as raw data.
Signal Processing:-
The signal processing unit uses features extraction algorithms to extract true biometric information from the sample in presence of noise introduced during data collection and transmission. Additional measurements are made if any flaw or corruption is noted, to ensure good quality.
Pattern matching involves comparing the feature sample to a stored sample. (The biometric data can be stored locally on the biometric data can be stored locally on the biometric device, some central database/server, or on a smart card issued to users.) The result of the comparison is sent to the decision system to determine the match.

Decision Making:-
The final step is the decision to accept or reject user, and is based on a security threshold. The threshold value is either a parameter of comparison process itself, or the system compares the resulting match value with the threshold value. If for example, in a system performing identity verification, the match value is equal to or higher than the threshold value, the user is accepted. In an identification system, acceptance might require a match value that is both higher than threshold value and higher than the second-best match by a specific amount.

Data Storage:-
After extracting the biometric features, the system stores and maintains the new master template. Choosing proper discriminating characteristics for categorizing records can facilitate future searches. The system stores the templates in one of four locations: a card, a server’s central database, a workstation, or an authentication terminal. If privacy is a concern, a card is the only choice because sensitive biometric data should not be stored (and potentially misused) in a central database.

. THE INTERNATIONAL BIO-METRICS SOCIETY

The International Biometric Society, founded in 1947, is an international organization for the advancement of the subject-matter sciences through the development of quantitative theorgies and the development, application, and dissemination of effective mathematical and statistical techniques.
Purpose
To this end, it welcomes to membership biologists, statisticians, and others interested in applying statistical techniques to research data. The International Biometric Society and its journal, Biometrics, serve as an invaluable means of communication between the subject-matter specialists and the statisticians.
Journal
Biometrics is published quarterly. Its general objectives are to promote and extend the use of mathematical and statistical methods in the various subject-matter disciplines, by describing and exemplifying developments in these methods and their application in a form readily assimilable by experimenters and those concerned primarily with analysis of data. The journal is a ready medium for publication of papers by both the experimentalist and the statistician. The papers in the journal include statistical, authoritative expository or review articles, and analytical or methodological papers contributing to the planning or analysis of experiments and surveys, or the interpretation of data. Many of the papers in Biometricscontain actual worked examples of the statistical analyses proposed.
Meetings
Encouragment is given the subject-matter experimenter by holding symposia dealing with applied statistics as a part of annual meetings of the biological, chemical, engineering, and physical science societies. Such symposia afford an opportunity for subject-matter specialists and statisticians to discuss problems of mutual interest. At Regional meetings of the Society, a member is afforded an opportunity to present technical papers. This permits the exchange of ideas and information through formal presentation and informal contacts with fellow statisticians and experimentalists.
Biometric Bulletin
The International Biometric Society also publishes an informal newsletter containing news about membership activities, letters to the editor, and membership and editorial commentaries. It is a means for expressing ideas on a wide range of statistical and biometrical matters and is also published quarterly.

HISTORY OF BIO-METRICS

 Francis Galton is one of the founders of Bio-metrics. In 1892, Galton
invented the first system of fingerprinting.

 He has observed that No two persons have same finger print. Each and
every person has got a unique finger print pattern.

 In 1968, Bio-metrics technique was implemented successfully when well-known bank of New York has arranged the finger print scanning to access the currency walt , first time in the world.

 But after 1990, when IT (Information Technology) comes into the picture, through its advancement and simplicity Bio-metrics technique becomes very popular.

 This new technology is very easy to understand compare to its heavy label. Because of user-friendly environment this technique is very well welcomed by various fields.

DEFINATION of BIO METRICS

 Biometrics Authentication
Person authentication or simply authentication is a task of confirming or denying a person’s claimed identity. Biometrics is a measurement using a person’s behavioural or physiological characteristics. Examples of these characteristics are fingerprints, face, voice and signature. Biometric authentication is a task of confirming or denying a person’s claimed identity using his behavioural or physiological characteristics.
 Biometrics, Biometric or Biometry
Biometry refers to a much broader field involving application from statistics to biology and medicine. Biometrics is a noun and biometric is an adjective.
Note the distinction between the terms biometrics and biometry. Biometry refers to a much broader field involving application from statistics to biology and medicine. Biometrics is a noun and biometric is an adjective.
 Authentication versus Identification
According to [Jain, 1999], associating an identity with an individual is called personal identification. This problem can be categorised into: (i) authentication and (ii) identification. Authentication refers to the problem of confirming or denying a person’s claimed identity while identification refers to the problem of establishing a subject’s identity. The differences between identification and authentication can be summarised in Table A.1.

Table A.1 Identification versus authentication