GENERIC MODEL OF BIO-METRICS

Data Acquisition:-
Data collection involves use of sensors to detect & measure an individual’s physiological or behavioral characteristics. The biometric feature must have the following characteristics:-
(a) Universality, which means that every person should have the characteristic,
(b) Uniqueness, two persons should not have the same term or measurement of characteristic,
(c) Permanence, the characteristic should be invariant with time,
(d) Measurability, the characteristic can be quantified that is the origin of the
Cameras used in biometric systems are generally either CCD(charge couple device) or CMOS(combined metal oxide semiconductor) image sensors.CCD’s are comparatively more costlier than CMOS. The cost of CCD is nearly 2500 Rs. And CMOS is about 800 to 1000 Rs. Price depends on the resolution which reflects the accuracy of biometric system.


Transmission: -
Not all the biometric systems process and store data on the measuring device. Often measurement is made using relatively simple device to a computer or server for processing and/or storage. Depending on the system, the data may be relatively large and thus would need to be compressed for quick transfer. The compression algorithm needs to be selected carefully; otherwise it may introduce some artefacts that could impact the decision process.
In any image scanning Biometric system, JPEG compression is preferred due to the blockness it produces at high compression ratios. The data can also be transmitted to the database for storage as raw data.
Signal Processing:-
The signal processing unit uses features extraction algorithms to extract true biometric information from the sample in presence of noise introduced during data collection and transmission. Additional measurements are made if any flaw or corruption is noted, to ensure good quality.
Pattern matching involves comparing the feature sample to a stored sample. (The biometric data can be stored locally on the biometric data can be stored locally on the biometric device, some central database/server, or on a smart card issued to users.) The result of the comparison is sent to the decision system to determine the match.

Decision Making:-
The final step is the decision to accept or reject user, and is based on a security threshold. The threshold value is either a parameter of comparison process itself, or the system compares the resulting match value with the threshold value. If for example, in a system performing identity verification, the match value is equal to or higher than the threshold value, the user is accepted. In an identification system, acceptance might require a match value that is both higher than threshold value and higher than the second-best match by a specific amount.

Data Storage:-
After extracting the biometric features, the system stores and maintains the new master template. Choosing proper discriminating characteristics for categorizing records can facilitate future searches. The system stores the templates in one of four locations: a card, a server’s central database, a workstation, or an authentication terminal. If privacy is a concern, a card is the only choice because sensitive biometric data should not be stored (and potentially misused) in a central database.

INTRODUCTION of BIO-METRICS

BIO=Pertaining to biology; MATRICS=Science and art of measurement.

o The term 'biometrics' is used to refer to any and all of a variety of identification techniques which are based on some physical and difficult-to-alienate characteristic.

o Today, the science of biometric technology refers to the "automated" methods used to recognize a person based upon physiological or behavioral characteristics.

o Biometric technologies are becoming the foundation of an extensive array of highly secure identification and personal verification solutions.

 Biometrics is a modern technological field that focuses on identifying an individual through his or her unique physical traits.

 A biometric is a measurable, physical characteristic or personal behavioral trait used to recognize the identity or verify the claimed identity of an enrolled user.

 Biometrics is automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic.

Physiological techniques include fingerprint recognition, retinal and iris scanning, facial recognition, hand and finger geometry and DNA analysis.

Behavioral techniques include handwriting recognition, voice or speech recognition, gait, and keystroke dynamics.

 In all automated systems, the fundamental operational steps are:
1. Capture: The biometric data is captured, digitized and entered into a database.
2. Extraction: A template is created using this measurable unique data.
3. Comparison: The template is compared with a new sample.
4. Match/Non-Match: The existing template matches the new sample or it does not.

 The goal of most automated biometric ID systems is one of two outcomes:
1. Verification: Is the person who the they claim to be?
2. Identification or recognition: Who is this? Is the person already known to the system under a different identity?

“Only biometrics can identify you as you [Not Password].”

WHAT BIO-METRICS SECURITY ? WHY BIO-METRICS SECURITY ?

 From the beginning of the human culture, people are always trying to secure their properties. Because some people are always eager to snatch others properties.

 Security refers to prohibit some unauthorized persons from some important data or from some precious assets.

 To restrict this kind of theft human beings are making special systems that can prevent the thieves such systems are known as security systems.

 We can consider the starting of these kinds of systems through lock and key.

 A Frenchman Alexander Fish has made a strong, fire proof safe in 1844. And Linas Yel –an American, has invented a Pin lock kind of lock. Both these equipments are used to provide security to money, important documents and jewellary. So this is the first step in the world of security system.

 At that point of time this arrangement for security was considered the best. But as time passes it was found that any unauthorized person could access these through duplicate keys or using any technique. So as the world progresses, the thieves become more intelligent to break the security.

 Thus, we always need a new and strong security system to protect our assets.

 So, security system is ever developing field.

 Today in the world of e-commerce and Internet this thing is becoming more and more important because today the world is like village, from anywhere, any time, any body can harm you.

e.g. :-If you are purchasing something from web and because of lack of security someone come to know your bank account number. Then that person will have all the information of your bank account, which can perhaps put you in a big trouble!

 Now a days, there are many security systems are available. But we shall concentrate on ‘BIO-METRICS’.